Moreover, because they expect more positive outcomes, they show greater persistence in the pursuit of goals (Nes et al., 2011). ![]() Optimists employ coping strategies more flexibly than pessimists do (Nes & Segerstrom, 2006 Pavlova & Silbereisen, 2013). The general pattern of findings suggests that because optimists have better self-regulation strategies than pessimists, higher levels of optimism are linked to favorable life outcomes (Scheier & Carver, 1985). Dispositional optimism and pessimism affect all areas of life and represent stable personality traits (Scheier et al., 1994 Scheier & Carver, 1985).Įmpirical evidence confirms that optimists and pessimists differ in their general approach to life and, as a consequence, experience different life outcomes (for an overview, see, e.g., Carver et al., 2010). Some people-the optimists-expect that good things will happen to them others-the pessimists-expect that bad things will happen to them (Scheier & Carver, 1985). People differ in their expectations for the future. Furthermore, we compared reliability and validity between the English- and German-language versions and evaluated the measurement invariance of SOP2 across both language versions using quota samples from the United Kingdom (UK) and Germany (DE) to determine the level of comparability of SOP2 in cross-cultural research.ĭefinition and nomological network of dispositional optimism Specifically, we analyzed its reliability and validity (based on evidence regarding the internal structure of the scale and the relationship between scores on the SOP2 scale and on 10 scales measuring other variables). ![]() Because the psychometric properties of this English-language version of SOP2 have not yet been investigated, we comprehensively validated the English-language SOP2 in the present study. As no comparable ultra-short scale for the measurement of dispositional optimism existed for the English-language context, the authors of the scale translated and adapted SOP2 to the English language in order to fill this gap and to broaden the range of possible applications of their scale. The German-language SOP2 was validated in a large and diverse random sample of adults in Germany. As an ultra-short scale with a completion time of less than 20 s (estimated value), Footnote 1 SOP2 can be applied in a variety of research areas, particularly in settings with severe time limitations or other constraints on questionnaire length. ( 2013) developed a two-item German-language measure of dispositional optimism, the Skala Optimismus–Pessimismus–2 (Optimism–Pessimism Short Scale–2 SOP2). Studies investigating individual differences in optimism need a valid and efficient measure of this disposition, especially in research settings with severe time limitations. Dispositional optimism is positively related to many different areas of life, such as life satisfaction, health, employment status, and self-esteem (e.g., Hajek & König, 2019). Whereas optimists look to the future with confidence and mostly expect good things to happen, pessimists are full of doubt when they look to the future and mostly expect bad things to happen. Optimists and pessimists differ in their approach to the world (e.g., Carver et al., 2010). ![]() It can be applied in a variety of research disciplines, such as psychology, sociology, or economics. As an ultra-short scale with a completion time of < 20 s, SOP2 lends itself particularly to the assessment of dispositional optimism in survey contexts in which assessment time or questionnaire space are limited. Moreover, scalar measurement invariance of the scale holds when comparing the UK and Germany, implying the comparability of latent (co)variances and latent means across the two nations. Our results show that the English-language adaptation has satisfactory reliability coefficients and is correlated with 10 external variables in the study (e.g., self-esteem, Emotional Stability, life satisfaction). Because an empirical validation of this English-language SOP2 was hitherto lacking, the aim of the present study was to assess the psychometric properties (objectivity, reliability, validity) of the English-language adaptation and to investigate measurement invariance across both language versions using heterogeneous quota samples from the UK and Germany. SOP2 is the English-language adaptation of an originally for the German language developed scale. The Optimism–Pessimism Short Scale–2 (SOP2) described in this article measures the psychological disposition of optimism with two items.
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